LM Genetics K3, K4, K5, K12, K15, K16, K47 Admixture Analyses of Me, My Mother, My Paternal Aunt

I ran LM Genetics Admixture Analyses on my 23andme genomic data, my mother's 23andme genomic data, and my paternal aunt's 23andme genomic data with the use of DNA Genics Admixture Studio.  The components are ancient populations. 

What are Admixture Calculators and how do they work?

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  What is an Admixture Calculator?

  An admixture calculator, often referred to as a GEDmatch calculator, is a tool used in genetic ancestry analysis. It processes raw genetic data obtained from DNA testing services and provides a detailed breakdown of an individual's ancestry. By comparing a person's genetic information to reference populations from various parts of the world, admixture calculators estimate the proportion of ancestry derived from different ethnic and geographic groups.

  These tools are popular among individuals seeking to understand their ancestral origins and the diverse genetic makeup contributing to their heritage. Admixture calculators can reveal connections to ancient populations, modern ethnic groups, and specific regions, offering deeper insight into one's genetic background.

  How do Admixture Calculators Work?

  To understand how these tools work, we need to delve into allele matching and the role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in determining the percentage contribution of reference populations to an individual's genome.

  The Role of SNPs in Genetic Analysis

  

  Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation among people. Each SNP represents a difference in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence. These variations occur at specific positions in the genome and are key markers used in genetic research, including ancestry analysis.

  How Admixture Calculators Use SNPs

  Admixture calculators analyze genetic data by focusing on SNPs. Here's a detailed breakdown of the process:

  1. DNA Testing and SNP Data Extraction: When you take a DNA test, the testing company sequences your DNA and identifies millions of SNPs. This data is provided to you in a raw format, which can be uploaded to platforms like ours and GEDmatch.

  2. Reference Populations and SNP Databases: Each admixture calculator relies on a database of reference populations. These populations have been studied extensively, and their SNP profiles are well-documented. The reference populations represent different ancestral groups from various geographic regions.

  3. Allele Matching: Once your raw DNA data is uploaded to the admixture calculator, the tool begins the process of allele matching. This involves comparing the alleles (variant forms of a gene at a particular SNP) in your DNA to those in the reference populations.

  4. Calculating Ancestry Proportions:

     • Frequency Analysis: The calculator examines the frequency of specific alleles in your DNA and compares these frequencies to those observed in the reference populations. For example, if a particular allele is more common in a specific population, the presence of that allele in your DNA suggests a genetic link to that population.
     • Statistical Algorithms: Advanced statistical algorithms are employed to estimate the proportion of your ancestry that can be attributed to each reference population. These algorithms account for the complex patterns of genetic inheritance and the overlapping nature of human populations.

  5. Generating Results: The final output is a detailed report showing the percentage contribution of each reference population to your genome. This report is often visualized through pie charts or bar graphs, making it easy to interpret your genetic ancestry.

  The Importance of Reference Populations

  The accuracy of admixture calculators heavily depends on the quality and diversity of the reference populations used. These populations serve as benchmarks for comparison, and their SNP profiles are critical for determining the genetic links to various ancestral groups. As more populations are studied and added to the databases, the precision and comprehensiveness of admixture analysis improve.

  Example of Allele Matching in Practice

  Let’s consider a simplified example to illustrate how allele matching works:

  • Suppose a particular SNP (rs123456) has two possible alleles: A and G.
  • In a reference population from Northern Europe, the A allele might be present in 70% of individuals, while the G allele is present in 30%.
  • In a reference population from East Asia, the A allele might be present in 20% of individuals, while the G allele is present in 80%.
  • If your DNA shows that you have the A allele at this SNP, the calculator will weigh this information and use it to estimate the likelihood that this part of your ancestry is from Northern Europe versus East Asia.

https://genoplot.com/calculators

My Genealogical Ancestry

I am a multicontinental American that is highly multiethnic, and I am related to many of my fellow Americans in many different ways.  I am a 4th Generation Californian on my mother's side.  My father was a 7th generation Southern Louisianan.  Almost all of his 2nd great grandparents were enslaved African Americans in the Acadiana parishes in Southern Louisiana. The only exception was his maternal grandmother's paternal grandfather who was a European American son of an English American plantation owner and a 3/4 Acadian woman. 

broken down by great grandparent

My paternal grandfather's father's ancestry was African American.  He had some European ancestry on his mother's side. 

My paternal grandfather's mother's ancestry was African American.

My paternal grandmother's father's ancestry was African American.  He had some European ancestry. 

My paternal grandmother's mother's ancestry was African American with English and Acadian (French in what now known as Nova Scotia), Polish.

My maternal grandfather's father 's ancestry was Cape Verdean (Portuguese and Sub-Saharan African) His parents were immigrants.

My maternal grandfather's mother's ancestry was Puerto Rican (Spanish, Sub-Saharan African, and Taino) on her father's side and Madeiran (Portuguese with Sub Saharan African) on her mother's side.

My maternal grandmother's father's ancestry was Colonial European American that was mainly English ancestry with some German, Swiss, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Dutch, and Frisian.

My maternal grandmother's mother's ancestry was Ashkenazi Jewish American. Her father immigrated from Romania. Her mother immigrated from an area in the Russian Empire that became Latvia. 

Because of the Transatlantic Slave trade, I know very little about my African ancestry. Africa has over 3,000 ethnic groups, and that includes Nigeria having over 400 ethnic groups. My African ancestry is highly likely to consist of many African ethnic groups. I have some Indigenous American segments on my paternal chromosomes and not just my maternal chromosomes and X Chromosome. Paternal DNA relative matches show some Swiss and German ancestry on my paternal grandmother's side. They also show some Irish, Danish, and Malagasy ancestry.

My highly mixed, diverse ancestry is reflected in my DNA relative matches at AncestryDNA, 23andme, FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage, and GEDmatch.

Aunt Carrie is my father's maternal half sister, and her father was an African American born in Alabama with some European ancestry and Native American ancestry.  

Even though Aunt Carrie is an African American of over 80% Sub Saharan African, the longest DNA segment that she and I share is my entire European segment on my paternal Chromosome 5. It is around 90 centimorgans (cM's). People with Acadian ancestry match Aunt Carrie and me on that segment at GEDmath. Because of AncestryDNA's Timber algorithm, they show up as matching with much shorter segments as AncestryDNA matches to me and don't show up as AncestryDNA matches to Aunt Carrie even though they share up to 30+ cM at GEDmatch.

Admixture Analyses in order

1. Mine

2. My Mother's

3. My paternal Aunt's

• Negroid: Component represents Sub-Saharan African populations, including those from regions such as West Africa, Central Africa, South Africa, and East Africa. These populations are characterized by distinctive physical features such as dark skin, curly hair, and broad noses.Note: These descriptions are no longer considered scientifically valid and are included only for dcoumentary purposes, peaks in Esan Nigeria (Edo, Nigeria)
• Europeid: Component represents European populations, including those from regions such as Scandinavia, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Balkans. These populations are characterized by fair skin, straight or wavy hair, and narrow noses.Note: These descriptions are no longer considered scientifically valid and are included only for dcoumentary purposes, peaks in Basque
• Mongoloid: Component represents populations of East, Southeast, and Central Asia, as well as indigenous populations of the Americas, also known as Amerindians. These populations are characterized by distinctive physical features such as straight black hair, epicanthic folds of the eyelids, and flatter facial features compared to European populations.Note: These descriptions are no longer considered scientifically valid and are included only for dcoumentary purposes, peaks in She (Fujian, China)

Europeid: Component represents populations of European descent from various regions in Europe including Western, Central, and Eastern Europe. These populations typically display genetic markers associated with the indigenous people of Europe, peaks in Italian Sardinian

Mongoloid: Component represents populations native to East Asia including China, Japan, Korea, and Mongolia. This group typically displays genetic markers associated with a common East Asian ancestry, peaks in She (Fujian, China)

Amerindian ANE: Component represents the Ancient Northern Eurasian component found in many Native American populations as a result of early migrations from Siberia to the Americas. This group typically displays genetic markers associated with the indigenous peoples of Siberia, peaks in Surui (Rondônia, Brazil)

Negroid: Component represents populations of African descent from West, Central, and Southern Africa. This group typically displays genetic markers associated with the indigenous people of sub-Saharan Africa, peaks in Esan Nigeria (Edo, Nigeria)

 

• SouthAsian-Sahulian: Component represents Ancestral South Asians, as well as those from the Sahul region, including Australia and Melanesia. This component represents individuals with genetic heritage from these regions, peaks in Irula (Tamil Nadu, India)
• Mongoloid: Component represents individuals with East Asian genetic ancestry, including those from China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Southeast Asia. This group also includes Indigenous Siberian populations, peaks in She (Fujian, China)
• Europid: Component represents populations from Europe, particularly those from Western Europe, the British Isles and Iberia. This population group exhibits a mixture of Western and Southern European genetic ancestry, peaks in Italian Sardinian
• Amerindian-ANE: Component represents Indigenous people of the Americas, particularly those from Central and South America. This group also includes people who have genetic heritage linked to the Ancient North Eurasians, who likely contributed to the genetic profile of Indigenous Americans, peaks in Surui (Rondônia, Brazil)
• Negroid: Component represents people of Sub-Saharan African descent, particularly those from West and Central Africa. This component represents individuals with genetic heritage from these regions, peaks in Esan Nigeria (Edo, Nigeria)

• Central-Amerindian: Component represents indigenous populations from Central America, including Maya and Nahuatl-speaking groups, peaks in Pima (Sonora, Mexico)
• NE-Euro: Component represents populations from Northeast Europe, including the Baltic states, Finland, and Russia, peaks in Vepsian (Karelia, Russia)
• Siberian: Component represents populations from Siberia, including Yakut, Evenk, and Buryat, peaks in Nganasan
• West-African: Component represents populations from West Africa, including Yoruba, Mandenka, and Bantu speakers from Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa respectively, peaks in Mandenka (Upper River, Gambia)
• Papuo-Melanesian: Component represents populations from Papua New Guinea and the surrounding Melanesian islands, including Papuan and Austronesian-speaking groups, peaks in Papuan (National Capital, Papua New Guinea)
• SE-Asian: Component represents populations from Southeast Asia, including Dai, Burmese, and Thai, peaks in Kankanaey
• Kalash-Caucasian: Component represents populations from the Kalash region of Pakistan and the Caucasus region, including Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis, peaks in Kalash (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)
• SW-Euro: Component represents populations from Southwest Europe, including Spain, Portugal, and Italy, peaks in French Basque
• Khoisan: Component represents populations from southern Africa, including San and Khoi peoples, peaks in Ju hoan North (Otjozondjupa, Namibia)
• SW-Asian: Component represents populations from Southwest Asia or the Middle East, including Iranians, Turks, and Assyrian people, peaks in BedouinB (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia)
• South-Indian: Component represents populations from South India, including Dravidian-speaking groups such as Tamil and Telugu, peaks in Malayan (Kelantan, Malaysia)
• South-Amerindian: Component represents indigenous populations from South America, including Aymara, Quechua, and Guarani-speaking groups, peaks in Surui (Rondônia, Brazil)

• West-African: Component represents the population of West Africa, including Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal, peaks in Yoruba (Lagos, Nigeria)
• Siberian: Component represents the indigenous peoples across Siberia and the Russian Far East, such as Evenks, Yakuts, and Buryats, peaks in Nganasan
• South-Indian: Component represents the population of South India, including Dravidian-speaking groups such as Tamils, Telugus, and Kannadigas, peaks in Paniya (Kerala, India)
• Ne-Asian: Component represents the populations of Northeast Asia, including the Mongolians, Han Chinese, and populations from the Korean peninsula, peaks in Itelmen (Kamchatka Krai, Russia)
• Kalash: Component represents the Kalash people of Pakistan, a unique population with genetic ties to both South Asia and Central Asia, peaks in Kalash (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)
• Papuan: Component represents the indigenous populations of Papua New Guinea and nearby islands, known for their distinctive genetic and linguistic diversity, peaks in Papuan (National Capital, Papua New Guinea)
• Paleo-African: Component represents the ancestral population from which all modern African populations diverged, peaks in Ju hoan North (Otjozondjupa, Namibia)
• Samoyedic: Component represents the Samoyedic-speaking populations of Siberia, such as the Nenets and Enets, peaks in Selkup (Tomsk, Russia)
• NE-Euro: Component represents the populations of Northeast Europe and Russia, including Finns, Estonians, and northern Slavic groups, peaks in Lithuanian
• SE-Asian: Component represents the populations of Southeast Asia, including Thai, Cambodian, and Vietnamese populations, peaks in Kankanaey
• Tibeto-Burmese: Component represents the Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of China and Southeast Asia, such as Tibetans, Sherpas, and Burmese, peaks in Indian Naga
• SW-Euro: Component represents the populations of Southwest Europe, including Iberian, Italian, and Balkan populations, peaks in Italian Sardinian
• Caucasian: Component represents the populations of the Caucasus region, including Georgians, Armenians, and Azeris, peaks in Abkhasian (Abkhazia, Georgia)
• Amerindian: Component represents the indigenous populations of the Americas, ranging from the Inuit of Canada to the Mapuche of Chile, peaks in Surui (Rondônia, Brazil)
• Red-Sea: Component represents the populations from the Red Sea region, including Ethiopian and Eritrean populations, peaks in Ethiopia BetaIsrael

• Caucasian: Component represents West Asian, North African, South Asian, and European populations from the Caucasus region, peaks in Georgian
• South-Euro: Component represents Southern European populations including those from the regions of Italy, Greece, and the Balkans, peaks in Italian Sardinian
• North-Eurasian: Component represents Northern Eurasian populations including those from Siberia, Mongolia, and northern China, peaks in Nganasan
• SE-Asian: Component represents Southeast Asian populations including those from the regions of Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia, peaks in Ami (Taitung, Taiwan)
• Central-African: Component represents Central African populations including those from Cameroon, Chad, and the Central African Republic, peaks in Masai (Arusha, Kenya)
• West-Asian: Component represents Western Asian populations including those from the regions of Arabia, Iran, and the Levant, peaks in Samaritan (Tel Aviv, Israel)
• Horner: Component represents African populations including those from the Horn of Africa, peaks in Somali (Banaadir, Kenya)
• Indian: Component represents populations from the Indian subcontinent including those from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, peaks in Paniya (Kerala, India)
• Amerindian: Component represents Indigenous American populations including those from North, Central, and South America, peaks in Mixe (Oaxaca, Mexico)
• Eastern-Euro: Component represents Eastern European populations including those from the regions of Russia, Ukraine, and Poland, peaks in Lithuanian
• African HG: Component represents African hunter-gatherer populations including the Pygmies and Khoisan, peaks in Ju hoan North (Otjozondjupa, Namibia)
• East-Asian: Component represents East Asian populations including those from China, Japan, and Korea, peaks in Korean (Seoul Capital, Korea)
• NW-Euro: Component represents Northwestern European populations including those from the regions of the British Isles, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands, peaks in Norwegian (Eastern Norway, Norway)
• West-African: Component represents West African populations including those from Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal, peaks in Yoruba (Lagos, Nigeria)
• North-African: Component represents North African populations including those from Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, peaks in Mozabite (Ghardaïa, Algeria)
• Papuan: Component represents populations from the island of New Guinea and surrounding areas, including Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, peaks in Papuan (National Capital, Papua New Guinea)

• Kushitic: Component represents populations from the Cushitic language family, primarily found in Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya, peaks in Somali (Banaadir, Kenya)
• North-Iberian: Component represents populations from the northern regions of the Iberian Peninsula, including northern Spain and Portugal, peaks in Basque
• East-Iberian: Component represents populations from the eastern regions of the Iberian Peninsula, including Catalonia and Valencia, peaks in Spanish North
• Tibeto-Burman: Component represents populations from the Tibeto-Burman language family, primarily found in Tibet, Nepal, and Myanmar, peaks in Kusunda (Lumbini, Nepal)
• North-African: Component represents populations from northern Africa, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, peaks in Saharawi (Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra, Morocco)
• South-Caucasian: Component represents populations from the South Caucasus region, primarily Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, peaks in Georgian
• North-Caucasian: Component represents populations from the North Caucasus region, including Chechnya, Dagestan, and Ingushetia, peaks in Lezgin (Dagestan, Russia)
• Paleo-Balkan: Component represents ancient populations from the Balkans, including Thracians, Dacians, and Illyrians, peaks in Kosovar
• Turkic-Altai: Component represents populations from the Turkic and Altai language families, primarily found in Central Asia and Siberia, peaks in Tuvinian (Tuva, Russia)
• Proto-Austronesian: Component represents ancient populations from the Austronesian language family, primarily found in Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Oceania, peaks in Atayal (Hualien, Taiwan)
• Nilotic: Component represents populations from the Nilotic language family, primarily found in South Sudan, Uganda, and Kenya, peaks in Masai (Arusha, Kenya)
• East-Med: Component represents populations from the eastern Mediterranean region, including Greece, Cyprus, and Lebanon, peaks in Samaritan (Tel Aviv, Israel)
• Omotic: Component represents populations from the Omotic language family, primarily found in Ethiopia, peaks in Ethiopian Oromo (Oromo, Ethiopia)
• Munda: Component represents populations from the Munda language family, primarily found in India, peaks in Mawasi
• North-Amerind: Component represents populations from indigenous North American tribes, including those in Canada, the United States, and Mexico, peaks in Eskimo Naukan (Far Eastern, Russia)
• Arabic: Component represents populations from the Arabic-speaking world, primarily found in the Middle East and North Africa, peaks in BedouinB (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia)
• East-Euro: Component represents populations from eastern Europe, including Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, peaks in Russian Orel (Oryol, Russia)
• Central-African HG: Component represents populations from central Africa who have significant hunter-gatherer ancestry, peaks in Mbuti (Ituri, Congo)
• Andean: Component represents populations from the Andes mountain region, primarily found in Peru and Bolivia, peaks in Bolivian
• Indo-Chinese: Component represents populations from the Indochinese Peninsula, including Vietnam and Cambodia, peaks in Thai (Central Thailand, Thailand)
• South-Indian: Component represents populations from South India, primarily including Dravidian-speaking populations, peaks in Sakilli (Tamil Nadu, India)
• NE-Asian: Component represents populations from northeastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan, peaks in Itelmen (Kamchatka Krai, Russia)
• Volgan: Component represents populations from the Volga-Ural region of Russia, peaks in Chuvash (Chuvashia, Russia)
• Mongolian: Component represents populations from Mongolia and surrounding regions, peaks in Mongolia Daur
• Siberian: Component represents populations from Siberia in Russia, including indigenous groups such as the Yakuts and Evenks, peaks in Nganasan
• North-Sea Germanic: Component represents populations from Germany and the Netherlands, including North Sea populations such as the Frisians and Saxons, peaks in British English
• Celtic: Component represents populations from regions where Celtic languages were historically spoken, including Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, peaks in Scottish (Scotland, United Kingdom)
• West-African: Component represents populations from West Africa, including those in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali, peaks in Yoruba (Lagos, Nigeria)
• West-Finnic: Component represents populations from Finland and Estonia, peaks in Finnish (Uusimaa, Finland)
• Uralic: Component represents populations from the Uralic language family, primarily found in the Volga-Ural region of Russia and Finland, peaks in Mansi (Khanty-Mansi, Russia)
• Sahelian: Component represents populations from the Sahel region of Africa, including Burkina Faso and Mali, peaks in Ethiopian Tigray (Tigray, Ethiopia)
• NW-Indian: Component represents populations from Northwest India, primarily including Indo-Aryan-speaking populations, peaks in Gujarati (Gujarat, India)
• East-African HG: Component represents populations from eastern Africa who have significant hunter-gatherer ancestry, peaks in Datog (Manyara, Tanzania)
• East-Asian: Component represents populations from East Asia, primarily including Han Chinese and Korean populations, peaks in Chinese Han
• Amuro-Manchurian: Component represents populations from the Amur river region in northern China and southern Russia, primarily including Manchus and related groups, peaks in Ulchi (Khabarovsk Krai, Russia)
• Scando-Germanic: Component represents populations from Scandinavia and northern Germany, including countries such as Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, peaks in Norwegian (Eastern Norway, Norway)
• Iranian: Component represents populations from Iran and surrounding regions, including Afghanistan and Tajikistan, peaks in Iran Fars
• South-African HG: Component represents populations from southern Africa who have significant hunter-gatherer ancestry, peaks in Ju hoan North (Otjozondjupa, Namibia)
• Amazonian: Component represents indigenous populations from the Amazon Basin in South America, peaks in Surui (Rondônia, Brazil)
• Baltic: Component represents populations from the Baltic states, including Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, peaks in Lithuanian
• Malay: Component represents populations from Malaysia and surrounding regions, peaks in Mlabri (Nan, Laos)
• Meso-Amerind: Component represents populations from pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, including the Maya and Aztec civilizations, peaks in Mixe (Oaxaca, Mexico)
• South-Chinese: Component represents populations from southern China, including the Cantonese and Hakka, peaks in Naxi (Yunnan, China)
• Papuan: Component represents indigenous populations from Papua New Guinea and surrounding islands, peaks in Papuan (National Capital, Papua New Guinea)
• West-Med: Component represents populations from the western Mediterranean region, including Italy, Spain, and Portugal, peaks in Italian Sardinian
• Pamirian: Component represents populations from the Pamir Mountains region in Central Asia, peaks in Tajik Ishkashim (Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan)
• Central-Med: Component represents populations from the central Mediterranean region, including Italy and Greece, peaks in Italian Tuscani