This is a blog post about people with Rh negative blood. I grew up being very interested in Rh negative group. My mother had told me that I had rare blood and that I was Rh negative. After I joined the navy at the age of 19 in 1991, I got my dog tags which revealed that my blood type is O positive. My mother was wrong about me having Rh-negative blood. My genetic testing results also shows that my blood type is positive blood. I've been wondering what made her think that I had rare blood and that it was Rh negative.
The Rh blood group system is a human blood group system. It contains proteins on the surface of red blood cells. After the ABO blood group system, it is the most likely to be involved in transfusion reactions. The Rh blood group system consisted of 49 defined blood group antigens in 2005. As of 2023, there are over 50 antigens among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. There is no d antigen. RHD (Rh Blood Group D Antigen) and RHCE (Rh Blood Group CcEe Antigens) that encode the Rh antigens. RHD encodes the D antigen. RHCE encodes the C,c,E,and e antigents. There are three other Rh genes. RHAG (Rh Associated Glycoprotein), RHBG (Rh Family B Glycoprotein), and RHCG (Rh Family C Glycoprotein).
A person with Rh-negative blood lack the Rh antigen. A person who is Rh-negative will not experience health issues from his/her blood type. There may be complications if a Rh-negative female become pregnant with a partner who is Rh-positive. In this scenario, the fetus may inherit Rh-positive blood. During pregnancy, blood from the fetus can cross the placenta and enter the parent’s blood. With Rh incompatibility, this can cause a harmful immune response to the fetus or newborn. The parent’s immune system may recognize this blood as foreign material and produce antibodies against the Rh-positive blood.
https://www.britannica.com/science/Rh-blood-group-system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2269/
https://www.rhesusnegative.net/staynegative/
Rh Factor youtube playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtFHYICKXrxiqAR9zf34M0eUAz-sh2Rj
I was reading a Rh negative blood research study about a significant proportion of people with Rh negative blood having neurological issues. I also read about people with Rh negative people are different in the way they think. Interestingly, one of the human phenotypes that Mayaancloud Lab listed for RHD is progressive cerebellar ataxia. Rh-negative is found in around 7% of the world's population. The overall prevalence of ataxia is 26 cases per 100,000 in children. The overall prevalence rate of hereditary ataxias is 10 cases per 100,000 individuals. I'd think that a person with cerebellar ataxia in connection to RHD must have an ultra rare RHD variant.
RHD
bgee Expression scores: cerebellar cortex (64.93), cerebellar hemisphere (64.92), right hemisphere of cerebellum (63.54) right frontal lobe (58.92) cortical plate (58.08), caudate nucleus ( 58.01), nucleus accumbens (57.92), prefrontal cortex (57.33), C1 segment of cervical spinal cord (56.95), Brodmann (1909) area 9 (56.85), cingulate cortex (56.36), anterior cingulate cortex (56.10), amygdala (55.71), substantia nigra (54.39), hypothalamus (54.31), primary visual cortex (51.26)
Genecard Human Phenotypes: Abnormality of the Nervous system, Abnormal nervous system morphology, Abnormal brain morphology, Morphological central nervous system abnormality
MayaanLab Human Phenotypes: Insomnia, Progressive cerebellar ataxia, Gaze-evoked nystagmus, Delusions, Agitation, Confusion
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RHD
https://maayanlab.cloud/archs4/gene/RHD
https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000187010
RHCE
bgee Expression scores: C1 segment of cervical spinal cord (66.97), prefrontal cortex (63.58), cingulate cortex (63.20), caudate nucleus (63.13), anterior cingulate cortex (62.88), amygdala (61.67), Brodmann (1909) area 9 (61.60), right frontal lobe (61.41), primary visual cortex (59.44), substantia nigra (59.23), hypothalamus (58.95), cerebellar cortex (57.34), cerebellar hemisphere (57.27), right hemisphere of cerebellum (56.44),corpus callosum (52.65)
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES: Nervous system
Mayaancloud Lab Human Phenotypes: Insomnia, Cerebral palsy, Parkinsonism with favorable response to dopaminergic medication, Confusion
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RHCE
https://maayanlab.cloud/archs4/gene/RHCE
https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000188672
RHAG
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES: Nervous system
Mayaanclould Lab Human Phenotypes: Insomnia, Cerebral palsy, Delusions, Confusion, Cerebral hypomyelination
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RHAG
https://maayanlab.cloud/archs4/gene/RHAG
https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000112077
RHBG
bgee Expression scores: cerebellar cortex (89.12), cerebellar hemisphere (89.02), right hemisphere of cerebellum (88.32), midbrain (51.05)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx: Brain - Cerebellum, Brain - Cerebellar Hemisphere
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES: Nervous system
Mayaancloud Lab Human Phenotypes: Delayed CNS myelination, Irritability, Cerebellar dysplasia
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RHBG
https://maayanlab.cloud/archs4/gene/RHBG
https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000132677
RHCG
bgee Expression scores: anterior cingulate cortex (72.96), right frontal lobe (72.08), prefrontal cortex (69.75), dorsalateral prefrontal cortex (69.12), ganglionic eminence (68.90), Brodmann (1909) area 9 (68.89), caudate nucleus (67.32), amygala (67.01), cortical plate (64.66), putamen (64.84), cortical plate (64.66), C1 segment of cervical spinal cord (64.44), substantia nigra (62.07), hypothalamus (61.92), right hemisphere of the cerebellum (59.98), primary visual cortex (59.13)
mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt tissue specifity: brain
Mayaancloud Lab Human Phenotypes: Impulsivity, Axonal loss
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RHCG
https://maayanlab.cloud/archs4/gene/RHCG
https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000140519
Some argue Rh negative blood as proof against evolution. There is a theory that is the idea that the Rh-Negative gene represents a separate branch of humanity that intermarried with the branch that came out of Africa. One blogger claims that those with Rh-Negative blood are descendants of the blonde-haired and blue-eyed Hyperborean race which they believe to be the original human race and that included most major spiritual teachers in history including Jesus. Some people are skeptical about Rh negative blood as being part of humanity and suggested that the trait originates from extraterrestrials either interbreeding with humans or creating humans through genetic engineering. Some people think that Rh negative blood is a sign of royal blood. Some even think that it has correlation with psychic abilities. Some claim that Africans do not have Rh negative blood. Some claim that it is high in the True Israelite bloodlines and that are the ancestors of the true Kings and Queens of Europe and The Scandinavians and UK.
https://themillenniumreport.com/2017/07/a-must-read-if-you-have-rh-negative-blood/
https://curiousmindmagazine.com/people-rh-negative-blood/
According to a comprehensive study, the worldwide frequency Rh-negative blood types is around 7%. Brazil is found to be the highest in Rh negative with an estimation of 19.5% closely followed by Australia at 19%. The next highest is Spain with Rh negative frequency estimated to be 18.5% closely by New Zealand and The United Kingdom with both having Rh negative frequencies estimated to be 18%. My country United States of America's Rh negative frequency is estimated to be 14.4%. Sub Saharan African countries with Rh negative ffrequencies at rates near the average rates as world population average of 7% and even higher are Somalia at 11.8%, Burkina Faso at 7.4%, Ethiopia at 7%, Ghana at 6.8%, and Ivory Coast at 6.32%.
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/blood-type-by-country
Rh negative blood is highest in the Basques who are a Southwestern European ethnic group characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians. Basques' frequency of Rh negative have estimations of up to 35%. Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country which is a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France. Because of the high amount of Rh-negative and their apparently pre-Indo-European language, there has been a popular view of Basques as being the original modern humans that colonized Europe. Genetic studies have confirmed that Basques are genetically close to modern Iberians. The Basques in Spain show to be over 60% Anatolian Neolithic Farmer, over 30% European Hunter-Gatherer with a little amount of Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer. The genetically closest ancient population to the Basques is Cantabri with a distance of around 2. The next genetically closest ancient populations to the Basques in France are Iron Age Celtiberian, Iron Age Iberian, and Transalpine Gaul with all genetics distances within 3.
Basques are a cultural isolate, and, according to mainly allele frequencies of classical polymorphisms, also a genetic isolate. We investigated the differentiation of Spanish Basques from the rest of Iberian populations by means of a dense, genome-wide SNP array. We found that F ST distances between Spanish Basques and other populations were similar to those between pairs of non-Basque populations.
The same result is found in a PCA of individuals, showing a general distinction between Iberians and other South Europeans independently of being Basques. Pathogen-mediated natural selection may be responsible for the high differentiation previously reported for Basques at very specific genes such as ABO, RH, and HLA. Thus, Basques cannot be considered a genetic outlier under a general genome scope and interpretations on their origin may have to be revised.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-010-0798-3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basques
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41431-018-0232-1
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ahg.12088
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(21)00349-3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6x5Yg55C-c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un1QtE5swEU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1RWyMVNzDE
the following is from IllustrativeDNA (I love using this site for Population Genetics):
Anatolian Neolithic Farmer:
Neolithic Anatolian populations derive a large fraction of their ancestry from the Epipaleolithic Anatolian population, suggesting that farming was adopted locally by the hunter-gatherers of central Anatolia.
Recent genetic studies have shown that in Europe, farming was introduced by an expansion of farmers from Anatolia who were closely related to those from Barcın. These farmers replaced Western hunter-gatherers (WHG) to a large extent, ultimately becoming the main genetic contribution to current European populations, especially those of the Mediterranean.
Referance Samples:
Turkey_N
Research Link(s):
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016477v2
European Hunter-Gatherer:
European hunter-gatherers can be divided into two main two groups. The western group (Western Hunter-Gatherers or WHG) inhabited most of Europe, from Iberia to the Carpathians; while the eastern group (Eastern Hunter-Gatherers or EHG) inhabited an area stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Urals and downwards to the Pontic-Caspian steppe. In comparison with WHG, EHG had much higher affinity with the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE).
Referance Samples:
Russia_Karelia_HG
Russia_Samara_HG
Russia_Sidelkino_HG.SG
Italy_North_Villabruna_HG
Luxembourg_Loschbour.DG
Research Link(s):
https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7711
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/013433v1
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/113241v1.full
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17993
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13673
Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer:
Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) is an anatomically modern human genetic lineage, first identified in a 2015 study, based on the population genetics of several modern Western Eurasian populations.
The CHG lineage descended from a Common Western Eurasian meta-population formed when anatomically modern humans expanded into Europe from Africa about 45,000 years ago, and soon diverged from Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs), probably during the Last Glacial Maximum (sometimes between 45-26,000 years ago). They further separated from the Anatolian Hunter-Gatherers (AHG) later, sometimes between 25-14,000 years ago during the late LGM period. The Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers managed to survive in isolation since the late LGM period as a distinct population.
The people of the Yamnaya culture were found to be a mixture of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) and a southern population largely related to Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHG).
Referance Samples:
Georgia_Kotias.SG
Research Link(s):
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9912
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