My maternal grandmother’s father Harold George Walker was of Colonial European American Colonial of mainly English with some German, Scottish, Swiss, Irish, Welsh, Dutch, and Frisian.
The earliest known patrilineal (male line) ancestor was William Walker who was born in 1725. He lived in Goochland County, Virginia. He died in Indiana in 1806. His birthplace and parents are unknown. My 6th Great Grandfather William had 8 children with his wife, and they were Elverton P, George, Lewis, Mary, Elizabeth, Ann, Peyton T, and James. He married his 2nd wife Jane Burton when she was 17 and he was 75 in April 1800. They had 4 children named Ann, Sarah, William Samuel and Thomas Burton.
A male line descendant of my 5th Great Grandfather Peyton T. Walker took the FamilyTreeDNA Y DNA test which revealed that his Y DNA haplogroup is J-Z37545 which is a J-L70 (J2a1h2a1) branch. Male line descendants of my 5th Great Granduncle Elverton P. Walker took the Y DNA test, and they were shown to have a J Y DNA haplogroup. My 6th Great Grandfather William Walker's male line descendants are grouped under Group 26. Family Trees have my 6th Great Grandfather William Walker's parents as David Walker and Mary Munford who lived in Goochland County, Virginia like 6th Great Grandpa William did. Male line descendants of David Walker did Y DNA testing that revealed that his Y DNA haplogroup is R-M269. His Y DNA descendants are grouped under Group 4. There are over 100 Walker Y DNA groups. My 6th Great Grandfather William Walker descendants' J Y DNA haplogroup is very different from David Walker's descendants R Y DNA haplogroup. William Walker's patrilineal ancestry is different from David Walker's patrilineal ancestry. My 6th Great Grandfather William Walker was not the son of David Walker. William Walker's parents and birthplace are unknown.
There are over 100 different Walker groups in Walker Surname Project.
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Walker-4566
https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/walker-dna-project-mt-dna-results/dna-results
.png)
.png)
J-Z37545's paternal line was formed when it branched off from the ancestor J-PH3125 and the rest of mankind around 850 BCE. The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 1650 CE. He is the ancestor of at least 4 descendant lineages known as J-BY164614 and 3 yet unnamed lineages. There are 6 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from United States, England, and 1 unknown country.
Notable connections:
The Younger Gang, sometimes known as the James-Younger Gang, was a band of outlaws comprised of brothers Jesse and Frank James and the Younger Brothers; Cole, Jim, John, and Bob. They lived between 1844 and 1916 CE. The shared ancestral haplogroup is J-Z435 with most recent common ancestor born 1700 BCE.
Marcellino & Pietro who was a man who lived between 300 - 500 CE during the Late Antiquity Age and was found in the region now known as Marcellino & Pietro, Rome, Italy. He was associated with the Roman cultural group. The shared ancestral haplogroup is J-FGC54172 with most recent commoon ancestor born 1150 BCE.
ancestral path:
J-M304>M172>M410>CTS7683>L26>PF5088>PF5160>L24>Z393>L25>Z438>CTS1192>L70>PF5430>Z435>CTS3601>PF5456>FGC54172>PH3125>Z37545
Country Report of People that did FamilyTreeDNA Y Testing
I excluded the countries in the Americas
I went no further back than J-L70
J-Z37545 (branched off 850 BCE with most recent common ancestor born 1650 CE) England 2
J-PH3125 (branched off 1150 BCE with most recent common ancestor born 850 BCE) England 2
J-FGC54172 (branched off 1300 BCE with most recent common ancestor born 1150 BCE) Poland 20, Ukraine 17, Belarus 8, Lithuania 8, Germany 7, Hungary 7, Armenia 5, England 5, Russian Federation 4, Norway 4, Tunisia 3, Italy 3, Scotland 3, Greece 3, France 3, Bulgaria 2, Switzerland 2, Azerbaijan 2, Netherlands 2, Austria 2, Romania 2, Czech Republic 2, Saudi Arabia 1, Sweden 1, Portugal 1, Lebanon 1, Ireland 1, Portugal (Azores) 1, Turkey 1, United Kingdom 1
J-PF5456 (branched off 1500 BCE with most recent common ancestor born 1300 BCE) Poland 26, Germany 21, Ukraine 19, Italy 17, England 13, Scotland 11, Hungary 9, Belarus 8, Lithuania 8, France 7, Netherlands 7, Spain 6, Norway 6, Russian Federation 6, Armenia 6, Bulgaria 5, United Kingdom 5, Turkey 4, Switzerland 4, Portugal 4, Tunisia 4, Greece 4, +Ireland 3, Belgium 3, Croatia 2, Sweden 2, Azerbaijan 2, Portugal (Azores) 2, Austria 2, Romania 2, Czech Republic 2, Jordan 1, Italy (Sicily) 1, Iraq 1, Wales 1, Slovenia 1, Spain (Madrid) 1, Denmark 1, Brazil 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Lebanon 1, Belgium (Wallonia) 1
J-CTS3601 (branched off 1700 BCE with most recent common ancestor born 1500 BCE) Germany 43, Italy 36, Poland 27, England 21, Ukraine 20, Scotland 18, Turkey 15, France 14, Iraq 13, Bulgaria 13, Belarus 9, Hungary 9, Portugal 8, Switzerland 8, Norway 8, Lithuania 8, Sweden 7, United Kingdom 7, Russian Federation 7 , Netherlands 7, Tunisia 5, Greece 5, Ireland 4, Slovenia 3, Lebanon 3, Belgium 3, Georgia 2, Wales 2, Denmark 2, Croatia 2, Saudi Arabia 2, Azerbaijan 2, Portugal (Azores) 2, Romania 2, Austria 2, Czech Republic 2, Jersey 1, Luxembourg 1, Venezuela 1, Malta 1, Bahrain 1, Italy (Sicily) 1, Spain (Madrid) 1, Jordan 1, Belgium (Wallonia)1, Turkmenistan 1
J-L70 (branched off 4750 BCE with most recent common ancestor born 1900 BCE) Italy 104, Germany 69, England 57, Poland 43, Ukraine 36, France 28, Turkey 27, Bulgaria 24, Spain 23, Scotland 22, Portugal 19, United Kingdom 19, Switzerland 17, Ireland 16, Greece 16, Hungary 15, Iraq 14, Russian Federation 13, Saudi Arabia 12, Belarus 12, Armenia 11, Syrian Arab Republic 10, Norway 9, Netherlands 9, Sweden 9, Lithuania 8, Austria 7, Azerbaijan 6, Lebanon 6, Tunisia 6, Romania 5, Slovenia 5, Czech Republic 5, Libya 5, Denmark 4, Wales 4, Belgium 4, Iran 4, Malta 4, Georgia 4, Jordan 3, Turkmenistan 2, Northern Ireland 2, Uzbekistan 2, Croatia 2, Italy (Sicily) 2, Portugal (Azores) 2, Palestinian Territory 2, Latvia 2, Macedonia 1, Morocco 1, Algeria 1, Finland 1, Slovakia 1, Jersey 1, Luxembourg 1, Bahrain 1, Spain (Madrid) 1, Belgium (Wallonia) 1, Montenegro 1, Moldova 1, Egypt 1
https://www.familytreedna.com/public/y-dna-haplotree/J
Haplogroup J2 is thought to have appeared somewhere in the Middle East towards the end of the last glaciation, between 15,000 and 22,000 years ago. The oldest known J2a samples at present were identified in remains from the Hotu Cave in northern Iran, dating from 9100-8600 BCE (Lazaridis et al. 2016), and from Kotias Klde in Georgia, dating from 7940-7600 BCE (Jones et al. (2015)). This confirms that haplogroup J2 was already found around the Caucasus and the southern Caspian region during the Mesolithic period. The first appearance of J2 during the Neolithic came in the form of a 10,000 year-old J2b sample from Tepe Abdul Hosein in north-western Iran in what was then the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (Broushaki et al. 2016).
Notwithstanding its strong presence in West Asia today, haplogroup J2 does not seem to have been one of the principal lineages associated with the rise and diffusion of cereal farming from the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia to Europe. It is likely that J2 men had settled over most of Anatolia, the South Caucasus and Iran by the end of the Last Glaciation 12,000 years ago. It is possible that J2 hunter-gatherers then goat/sheep herders also lived in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period, although the development of early cereal agriculture is thought to have been conducted by men belonging primarily to haplogroups G2a (northern branch, from Anatolia to Europe), as well as E1b1b and T1a (southern branch, from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula and North Africa).
Mathieson et al. (2015) tested the Y-DNA of 13 Early Neolithic farmers from the Barcın site (6500-6200 BCE) in north-western Anatolia, and only one of them belonged to haplogroup J2a. Lazaridis et al. (2016) tested 44 ancient Near Eastern samples, including Neolithic farmers from Jordan and western Iran, but only the above-mentioned sample from Mesolithic Iran belonged to J2. Likewise, over 100 Y-DNA samples have been tested from Neolithic Europe, covering most of the important cultures, and only two J2 sample was found, in the Sopot and Proto-Lengyel cultures in Hungary, dating from 7,000 years ago. J2 was also absent from all Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Indo-European cultures, apart from one J2a1b sample in Hungary dating from the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1150 BCE, see Gamba et al. 2014), in the minor Kyjatice culture, an offshoot of the Urnfield culture, which differs from typical Indo-European cultures by its use of cremation instead of single-grave burials.
No Neolithic sample from Central or South Asia has been tested to date, but the present geographic distribution of haplogroup J2 suggests that it could initially have dispersed during the Neolithic from the Zagros mountains and northern Mesopotamia across the Iranian plateau to South Asia and Central Asia, and across the Caucasus to Russia (Volga-Ural). The first expansion probably correlated with the diffusion of domesticated of cattle and goats (starting c. 8000-9000 BCE), rather than with the development of cereal agriculture in the Levant.
A second expansion would have occured with the advent of metallurgy. J2 could have been the main paternal lineage of the Kura-Araxes culture (Late Copper to Early Bronze Age), which expanded from the southern Caucasus toward northern Mesopotamia and the Levant. After that J2 could have propagated through Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean with the rise of early civilizations during the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age.
Quite a few ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilisations flourished in territories where J2 lineages were preponderant. This is the case of the Hattians, the Hurrians, the Etruscans, the Minoans, the Greeks, the Phoenicians (and their Carthaginian offshoot), the Israelites, and to a lower extent also the Romans, the Assyrians and the Persians. All the great seafaring civilisations from the middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age were dominated by J2 men.
There is a distinct association of ancient J2 civilisations with bull worship. The oldest evidence of a cult of the bull can be traced back to Neolithic central Anatolia, notably at the sites of Çatalhöyük and Alaca Höyük. Bull depictions are omnipresent in Minoan frescos and ceramics in Crete. Bull-masked terracotta figurines and bull-horned stone altars have been found in Cyprus (dating back as far as the Neolithic, the first presumed expansion of J2 from West Asia). The Hattians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Canaaites, and Carthaginians all had bull deities (in contrast with Indo-European or East Asian religions). The sacred bull of Hinduism, Nandi, present in all temples dedicated to Shiva or Parvati, does not have an Indo-European origin, but can be traced back to Indus Valley civilisation. Minoan Crete, Hittite Anatolia, the Levant, Bactria and the Indus Valley also shared a tradition of bull leaping, the ritual of dodging the charge of a bull. It survives today in the traditional bullfighting of Andalusia in Spain and Provence in France, two regions with a high percentage of J2 lineages.
Middle-Eastern and European J2a: from Kura-Araxes to the Greeks and Romans
It is very likely that J2a, J1-Z1828, L1b, T1a-P77 and G2a-L293 were the dominant male lineages the Early Bronze Age Kura-Araxes culture (3,400-2,000 BCE), which expanded from the South Caucasus to eastern Anatolia, northern Mesopotamia and the western Iran. From then on, J2 men would have definitely have represented a sizeable portion of the population of Bronze and Iron Age civilizations such as the Hurrians, the Assyrians or the Hittites. It is very possible that bronze technology spread from the South Caucasus across the Iranian plateau until the Indus Valley, giving rise to the Harappan Civilisation (see below).
The Minoan civilisation emerged from 2,700 BCE and could have been founded by colonists from the Kura-Araxes culture who would have brought bronze working with them. Modern Cretans have the highest percentage of G2a (11%), J1 (8.5%), J2a (32%), and L + T (2.5% together) in Greece (and the highest percentage of J1 and J2a in all Europe for that matter), the three haplogroups associated with the Kura-Araxes culture. Although little data is available at present about deep clades in Crete or Aegean Greece, the parts of Italy that were colonised by Ionic and Doric Greeks, notably Sicily, Calabria and Basilicata, possess substantial percentages of typically Caucasian haplogroups, such as G2a-L297, J1-Z1828 and J2a-L581, as well as considerable levels of Middle Eastern and Caucasian autosomal admixture by European standards. In fact, it seems that many branches of J2a (e.g. M319, Z7671, F3133, Z6046, L581) may have expanded from the South Caucasus from the Chalcolithic onwards. The presence of these haplogroups and admixtures in southern Italy almost certainly represent Kura-Araxes ancestry inherited from Minoan Greeks from the Aegean islands.
The DNA of two male Minoan indivuals was tested in 2020 and they belonged to G2a-P303 and J2a1a-L26 > Z6055 > Y7010 > Y13128 > Z36834 (a branch found in Portugal today).
The Phoenicians, Jews, Greeks and Romans all contributed to the presence of J2a in Iberia. The particularly strong frequency of J2a and other Near Eastern haplogroups (J1, E1b1b, T) in the south of the Iberian peninsula, suggest that the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians played a more decisive role than other peoples. This makes sense considering that they were the first to arrive, founded the greatest number of cities (including Gadir/Cadiz, Iberia's oldest city), and their settlements match almost exactly the zone where J2 is found at a higher frequency in southern Andalusia.
The high incidence of J2a in Italy is owed in great part to the migration of the Etruscans from western Anatolia to central and northern Italy, and to the Greek colonisation of southern Italy. However both the Etruscans and Greeks would have carried many other Y-DNA lineages, including G2a, J1, R1b-Z2103, T1a, and probably also E-M34. J2a levels would have been higher among the Greeks than the Etruscans, and particularly among the insular Greeks that colonised Magna Graecia. Immigration from the eastern Mediterranean to Rome during the Roman Empire, then from Anatolia, Thrace and Greece during the Byzantine period (particularly in north-eastern Italy) further increased the incidence of J2 in the peninsula.
Several common Italian J2a subclades are found mainly in the south of Italy (M319, M92, Z467, Z7671, all under L558) and are likely to be of Greek origin. The highest concentrations of J2a in Europe are found in Crete (32% of the population) and Calabria (26%). M319, one of the principal J2a1 subclades in Greece, Italy and Western Europe, reaches is maximum frequency in Crete (6-9%).
Roman J2a1-Z435
The Romans probably helped spread haplogroup J2 within their borders, judging from the distribution of J2 within Europe (frequency over 5%), which bears an uncanny resemblance to the borders of the Roman Empire (once concessions are made for the Germanic invasions that appear to have lowered the frequency of J2 between Belgium and Switzerland). There is a high diversity of J2a in Italy, but the most common branch found all over the peninsula and therefore most likely linked with a Roman diffusion is L70, and particularly its subclade Z435. All L70 carriers today descend from a single patrilineal ancestor who lived about 5,000 years ago. This corresponds to the time when the Proto-Indo-Europeans started invading Central Europe from the Pontic Steppe. It is not yet clear where J2-L70 was located at the time. It could have been present in the Steppe and tagged along the predominantly R1b branch of the Proto-Indo-Europeans that moved to the Balkans and Central Europe. Or it could have been one of the lineages of Chalcolithic Southeast and Central Europe. A third alternative is that L70 originated in Anatolia or Greece and moved to Italy with the migration that gave rise to the Etruscan civilisation.
Z435 was formed about 3,600 years ago and has a TMRCA of only 3,100 years (± 300 years). The latter corresponds roughly to the timing of the invasion of Italian peninsula by Italic tribes from the Alps. Z435 has numerous subclades of its own, and most have been identified in central Italy. This could either mean that Z435 was one of the founding Italic lineages, or that it was already in Italy and was assimilated by the Italic tribes. The PF5456 subclade is barely 2500 years old, and would have emerged and propagated after the founding of Rome. Outside Italy, it is now found in such varied places as Portugal, Spain, France, Britain, Belgium, southern Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Tunisia or Lebanon, all regions colonised by the Romans. Z2177, another subclade of Z435, is a bit under 3,000 years old. It has various subclades of its own which are scattered today around Italy (northern Italy, Tuscany, Latium, Sicily, Sardinia) and in places like Switzerland, south-west Germany, Britain, Spain, Romania, Greece, Turkey and Syria - also all these regions were part of the Roman Empire. Italy has by far the highest concentration of Z2177 of any country.
The following information about Roman DNA in British Isles is from Eupedia by Maciamo Hay
Romans
In 43 CE, under the reign of Emperor Claudius, the Romans invaded Great Britain. Within two decades most of England and Wales had been conquered and would remain a province of the Roman Empire for over three centuries. For most of the second century Lowland Scotland was also Romanised. The Romans established over 70 cities or towns in Britain, including London, St Albans, Colchester, Winchester, Gloucester, Exeter, Leicester, Lincoln, Manchester and York.
It is very difficult to assess the genetic impact of Romanisation on the British population as the Roman citizens, soldiers and slaves who settled in Britannia were not merely people from the Latium or Italy, but could have come from anywhere in the empire. Even if we assume that Britain was fully Celtic before the Roman conquest, similar to Ireland or the Scottish Highland once Germanic DNA has been removed, it is still very hard at present to clearly differentiate Brythonic Celts from other Celts from the continent, notably Gaul, who might have settled in Roman Britain. Even the Romans from Italy appear to have belonged predominantly to the same R1b-U152 as Hallstatt and La Tène Celts, also accompanied by significant minorities of G2a-U1 and J2b. Deeper subclade analysis may soon allow population geneticists to distinguish between Roman/Italic and Celtic subclades within these haplogroups. At present it seems that the L2 and Z36 subclades of R1b-U152 are more Celtic/Gaulish, while Z56 and Z192 are more Italic/Roman, but it may be more complicated than that.
Overall, the majority of immigrants to Roman Britain came from the Mediterranean region, with higher percentages from Italy and the Balkans reported for Roman legions settled in Britain. There may also have been Near Eastern merchants, like the Jews, whose diaspora started soon after the Roman conquest of Britain. Ancient Mediterranean people would have carried mostly haplogroups such as E1b1b, J1, J2a, and to a lower extent also G2a and T. Nowadays, those haplogroups are considerably rarer among the Irish and Highland Scots, and inexistent in remote islands like Orkney or Shetland (except for haplogroup T). Even in Ireland such lineages are typically found among people with English or Norman surnames. Wales, which supposedly served as a refuge to the Romano-British population fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions, has by far the highest percentages of haplogroup E1b1b, G2a and T (total 7.5% against 2.5% for Scotland and 3% for Ireland), while England has the highest percentage of J2 (3.5%).
https://eupedia.com/genetics/britain_ireland_dna.shtml#romans
Comments
Post a Comment