What I have noticed about ethnic groups is that there no clear definition of what they are.
That's what I am noticing in countries in general.
In regards to Africa, I am seeing names of specific ethnic groups like Wolof, Mandinka, Fulani being listed for certain countries, and those ethnic groups are in multiple countries.
I am also seeing nationalities being listed for ethnic groups like Somali for Djibouti.
I am seeing the continental backgrounds like African, European for Cabo Verde which is where my maternal grandfather's paternal grandparents immigrated to USA from when it was still a Portuguese colony.
Of course, there is stuff like Bantu, Berbers, Arabs for ethnic groups
I see color race names listed for ethnic groups like White for Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. The color race names make no sense any way for human beings are far too diverse to be pinned down to color names. The vast majority of geneticists and anthropologists agree that race is a social construct and not biological. All modern human DNA is 99.9% identical. There is greater variation in "racial" groups than between "racial" groups. There are variants that "racial groups share with each other. There is far more genetic diversity in Africa than anywhere else. Everybody has variants that are found in Africans.
Race is real in a sense. It's deeply engraved in our human consciousness. For centuries, people have mistreated each other because of being perceived as a different race. Many bad things have manifested from the racist ideologies.
If we want to eradicate racism, then we should educate ourselves and others about human genetics and anthropology.
from Encyclopedia Britannica:
People of Africa
Africa is now widely recognized as the birthplace of the Hominidae, the taxonomic family to which modern humans belong. Archaeological evidence indicates that the continent has been inhabited by humans and their forebears for some 4,000,000 years or more. Anatomically modern humans are believed to have appeared as early as 200,000 years ago in the eastern region of sub-Saharan Africa. Somewhat later those early humans spread into northern Africa and the Middle East and, ultimately, to the rest of the world.
Africa is the most tropical of all the continents; some four-fifths of its territory rests between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. As a consequence, the cultures and the physical variations of the peoples reflect adaptation to both hot, dry climates and hot, wet climates. Dark skin is the dominant characteristic of indigenous African peoples, but skin colour is not uniform. Skin colour shows a clinal variation from a light or tan colour in the northern fringe of the continent, which has a Mediterranean climate, to very dark skin in certain Sudanic regions in western and East Africa, where radiation from the Sun has been most intense. Africa has the most physically varied populations in the world, from the tallest peoples to the shortest; body form and facial and other morphological features also vary widely. It is the continent with the greatest human genetic variation, reflecting its evolutionary role as the source of all human DNA.
Throughout human history there have been movements of peoples (see human migration) within, into, and out of Africa along its northern coasts, across the Sinai Peninsula, along the Red Sea, and especially in the Horn of Africa and coastal areas as far south as Southern Africa. North Africa from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Nile River delta has been the site of conquests and movements of peoples for thousands of years. Along the east coast, trading cities arose and fell, cities that had overseas contacts during the past two millennia with peoples of southern Arabia and as far east as India and Indonesia. Internal movements during that time contributed to the heterogeneity and complexity of native African societies. The greatest movement of peoples out of the continent was a result of the Atlantic slave trade that lasted from the 16th to the 19th century and involved the transport of an estimated 10,000,000 people to the New World. Such a loss of people, together with the devastating warfare and raiding associated with it, was the major cause of the subsequent weakness and decline of African societies.
Whereas the majority of Africa’s peoples are indigenous, European colonial settlers constitute the largest majority of new peoples, with substantial numbers in Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, and Mozambique. Dutch settlers first arrived in South Africa in 1652; their descendants now constitute the main Afrikaner, or Boer, population. The vast majority of European settlers arrived after the 1885 Berlin West Africa Conference and the resulting “scramble for Africa,” during which European leaders carved out spheres of influence. Attendant, but unassociated, with the scramble, French and Italian settlers also established new communities in North Africa and, to some extent, western Africa. Much earlier, in several waves of migrations beginning in the 7th century, Arabs spread across northern Africa and, to a lesser extent, into western Africa, bringing a new religion (Islam) and a new language (Arabic), along with some new cultural and political institutions. They also spread Islam southward along the east coast, largely through trading and kinship relationships. (More detail is given in the regional history articles North Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, Western Africa, and Eastern Africa.) The colonial era began to disintegrate in the 1950s.
Culture areas
Although the precise number is unknown, there are several thousand different societies or ethnic groups in Africa. They are identified by their recognition of a common culture, language, religion, and history. But in some areas the boundaries among ethnic groups and communities (villages, towns, farm areas) may not always be clear to the outsider. Most Africans speak more than one language, and frequent migrations and interactions, including intermarriage, with other peoples have often blurred ethnic distinctions. There are an estimated 900 to 1,500 different languages, but many distinct political units share a common or similar language (as among the Yoruba, Hausa, and Swahili-speaking peoples). Complicating the situation in the 20th century was the creation of new “tribes” (such as the Zande [Azande] and Luo) that had not been distinct polities before the colonial era. Ethnic (cultural) identities in modern times have often been heightened, exacerbated, or muted for political reasons.
In their attempts to comprehend such a huge heterogeneous continent, scholars have often tried to divide it into culture areas that represent important geographical and ecological circumstances. Those areas reflect differences in the cultural adaptation of traditional societies to varying natural habitats. For the purposes of this discussion, the principal regions are northern, western, west-central, eastern, and Central and Southern Africa; Madagascar is also included.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Africa/People
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa
Ethnic groups
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools
Languages
Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq) https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/#people-and-society
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria
Angola
Ethnic groups
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Languages
Portuguese 71.2% (official), Umbundu 23%, Kikongo 8.2%, Kimbundu 7.8%, Chokwe 6.5%, Nhaneca 3.4%, Nganguela 3.1%, Fiote 2.4%, Kwanhama 2.3%, Muhumbi 2.1%, Luvale 1%, other 3.6%; note - data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census (2014 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola
Benin
Ethnic groups
Fon and related 38.4%, Adja and related 15.1%, Yoruba and related 12%, Bariba and related 9.6%, Fulani and related 8.6%, Ottamari and related 6.1%, Yoa-Lokpa and related 4.3%, Dendi and related 2.9%, other 0.9%, foreigner 1.9% (2013 est.)
Languages
55 languages; French (official); Fon (a Gbe language) and Yoruba are the most important indigenous languages in the south; half a dozen regionally important languages in the north, including Bariba (once counted as a Gur language) and Fulfulde
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin
Botswana
Ethnic groups
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and people of European ancestry 7%
Languages
Setswana 77.3%, Sekalanga 7.4%, Shekgalagadi 3.4%, English (official) 2.8%, Zezuru/Shona 2%, Sesarwa 1.7%, Sembukushu 1.6%, Ndebele 1%, other 2.8% (2011 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana
Burkina Faso
Ethnic groups
Mossi 52%, Fulani 8.4%, Gurma 7%, Bobo 4.9%, Gurunsi 4.6%, Senufo 4.5%, Bissa 3.7%, Lobi 2.4%, Dagara 2.4%, Tuareg/Bella 1.9%, Dioula 0.8%, unspecified/no answer 0.3%, other 7.2% (2010 est.)
Languages
Mossi 52.9%, Fula 7.8%, Gourmantche 6.8%, Dyula 5.7%, Bissa 3.3%, Gurunsi 3.2%, French (official) 2.2%, Bwamu 2%, Dagara 2%, San 1.7%, Marka 1.6%, Bobo 1.5%, Senufo 1.5%, Lobi 1.2%, other 6.6% (2019 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso
Burundi
Ethnic groups
Hutu, Tutsi, Twa (Pygmy)
Languages
Kirundi only 29.7% (official); French only 0.3% (official); Swahili only 0.2%; English only 0.1% (official); Kirundi and French 8.4%; Kirundi, French, and English 2.4%, other language combinations 2%, unspecified 56.9% (2008 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi
Cabo Verde
Ethnic groups
Creole (Mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Languages
Portuguese (official), Krioulo (a Portuguese-based Creole language with two main dialects spoken in Cabo Verde and in the Cabo Verdean diaspora worldwide)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cabo-verde/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde
Cameroon
Ethnic groups
Bamileke-Bamu 24.3%, Beti/Bassa, Mbam 21.6%, Biu-Mandara 14.6%, Arab-Choa/Hausa/Kanuri 11%, Adamawa-Ubangi, 9.8%, Grassfields 7.7%, Kako, Meka/Pygmy 3.3%, Cotier/Ngoe/Oroko 2.7%, Southwestern Bantu 0.7%, foreign/other ethnic group 4.5% (2018 est.)
Languages
24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon
Central African Republic
Ethnic groups
Baya 28.8%, Banda 22.9%, Mandjia 9.9%, Sara 7.9%, M'Baka-Bantu 7.9%, Arab-Fulani (Peul) 6%, Mbum 6%, Ngbanki 5.5%, Zande-Nzakara 3%, other Central African Republic ethnic groups 2%, non-Central African Republic ethnic groups .1% (2003 est.)
Languages
French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic
Chad
Ethnic groups
Sara (Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye) 30.5%, Kanembu/Bornu/Buduma 9.8%, Arab 9.7%, Wadai/Maba/Masalit/Mimi 7%, Gorane 5.8%, Masa/Musseye/Musgum 4.9%, Bulala/Medogo/Kuka 3.7%, Marba/Lele/Mesme 3.5%, Mundang 2.7%, Bidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat 2.5%, Dadjo/Kibet/Muro 2.4%, Tupuri/Kera 2%, Gabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai 2%, Fulani/Fulbe/Bodore 1.8%, Karo/Zime/Peve 1.3%, Baguirmi/Barma 1.2%, Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe 1.1%, Tama/Assongori/Mararit 1.1%, Mesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse 0.8%, other Chadian ethnicities 3.4%, Chadians of foreign ethnicities 0.9%, foreign nationals 0.3%, unspecified 1.7% (2014-15 est.)
Languages
French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad
Comoros
Ethnic groups
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Languages
Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (official; similar to Swahili) (Comorian)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ethnic groups
more than 200 African ethnic groups of which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) - make up about 45% of the population
Languages
French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
Republic of the Congo
Ethnic groups
Kongo 40.5%, Teke 16.9%, Mbochi 13.1%, foreigner 8.2%, Sangha 5.6%, Mbere/Mbeti/Kele 4.4%, Punu 4.3%, Pygmy 1.6%, Oubanguiens 1.6%, Duma 1.5%, Makaa 1.3%, other and unspecified 1% (2014-15 est.)
Languages
French (official), French Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo
Cote D'Ivoire
Ethnic groups
Akan 28.9%, Voltaique or Gur 16.1%, Northern Mande 14.5%, Kru 8.5%, Southern Mande 6.9%, unspecified 0.9%, non-Ivoirian 24.2% (2014 est.)
Languages
French (official), 60 native dialects of which Dioula is the most widely spoken
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast
Djibouti
Ethnic groups
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, other 5% (mostly Yemeni Arab, also French, Ethiopian, and Italian)
Languages
French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti
Egypt
Ethnic groups
Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)
note: data represent respondents by nationality
Languages
Arabic (official), English, and French widely understood by educated classes
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Ethnic groups
Fang 85.7%, Bubi 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%, Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 est.)
Languages
Spanish (official) 67.6%, other (includes Fang, Bubi, Portuguese (official), French (official), Portuguese-based Creoles spoken in Ano Bom) 32.4% (1994 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea
Eritrea
Ethnic groups
Tigrinya 50%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Afar 4%, Kunama 4%, Bilen 3%, Hedareb/Beja 2%, Nara 2%, Rashaida 1% (2021 est.)
note: data represent Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups
Languages
Tigrinya (official), Arabic (official), English (official), Tigre, Kunama, Afar, other Cushitic languages
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethnic groups
predominantly Swazi; smaller populations of other African ethnic groups, including the Zulu, as well as people of European ancestry
Languages
English (official, used for government business), siSwati (official)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eswatini/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini
Ethiopia
Ethnic groups
Oromo 35.8%, Amhara 24.1%, Somali 7.2%, Tigray 5.7%, Sidama 4.1%, Guragie 2.6%, Welaita 2.3%, Afar 2.2%, Silte 1.3%, Kefficho 1.2%, other 13.5% (2022 est.)
Languages
Oromo (official working language in the State of Oromiya) 33.8%, Amharic (official national language) 29.3%, Somali (official working language of the State of Sumale) 6.2%, Tigrigna (Tigrinya) (official working language of the State of Tigray) 5.9%, Sidamo 4%, Wolaytta 2.2%, Gurage 2%, Afar (official working language of the State of Afar) 1.7%, Hadiyya 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, Opuuo 1.2%, Kafa 1.1%, other 8.1%, English (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic (2007 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia
Gabon
Ethnic groups
Gabonese-born 80.1% (includes Fang 23.2%, Shira-Punu/Vili 18.9%, Nzabi-Duma 11.3%, Mbede-Teke 6.9%, Myene 5%, Kota-Kele 4.9%, Okande-Tsogo 2.1%, Pygmy 0.3%, other 7.5%), Cameroonian 4.6%, Malian 2.4%, Beninese 2.1%, acquired Gabonese nationality 1.6%, Togolese 1.6%, Senegalese 1.1%, Congolese (Brazzaville) 1%, other 5.5% (includes Congolese (Kinshasa), Equatorial Guinean, Nigerian) (2012 est.)
Languages
French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gabon/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon
The Gambia
Ethnic groups
Mandinka/Jahanka 33.3%, Fulani/Tukulur/Lorobo 18.2%, Wolof 12.9%, Jola/Karoninka 11%, Serahuleh 7.2%, Serer 3.5%, other 4%, non-Gambian 9.9% (2019-20 est.)
Languages
English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia
Ghana
Ethnic groups
Akan 45.7%, Mole-Dagbani 18.5%, Ewe 12.8%, Ga-Dangme 7.1%, Gurma 6.4%, Guan 3.2%, Grusi 2.7%, Mande 2%, other 1.6% (2021 est.)
Languages
Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Boron (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Kokomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, other 31.2% (2010 est.)
note: English is the official language
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana
Guinea
Ethnic groups
Fulani (Peuhl) 33.4%, Malinke 29.4%, Susu 21.2%, Guerze 7.8%, Kissi 6.2%, Toma 1.6%, other/foreign 0.4% (2018 est.)
Languages
French (official), Pular, Maninka, Susu, other native languages
note: about 40 languages are spoken; each ethnic group has its own language
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ethnic groups
Balanta 30%, Fulani 30%, Manjaco 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%, unspecified smaller ethnic groups 6% (2015 est.)
Languages
Portuguese-based Creole, Portuguese (official; largely used as a second or third language), Pular (a Fula language), Mandingo
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Ethnic groups
Kikuyu 17.1%, Luhya 14.3%, Kalenjin 13.4%, Luo 10.7%, Kamba 9.8%, Somali 5.8%, Kisii 5.7%, Mijikenda 5.2%, Meru 4.2%, Maasai 2.5%, Turkana 2.1%, non-Kenyan 1%, other 8.2% (2019 est.)
Languages
English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya
Lesotho
Ethnic groups
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%
Languages
Sesotho (official) (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho
Liberia
Ethnic groups
Kpelle 20.3%, Bassa 13.4%, Grebo 10%, Gio 8%, Mano 7.9%, Kru 6%, Lorma 5.1%, Kissi 4.8%, Gola 4.4%, Krahn 4%, Vai 4%, Mandingo 3.2%, Gbandi 3%, Mende 1.3%, Sapo 1.3%, other Liberian 1.7%, other African 1.4%, non-African 0.1% (2008 est.)
Languages
English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages few of which can be written or used in correspondence
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia
Libya
Ethnic groups
Berber and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Egyptian, Greek, Indian, Italian, Maltese, Pakistani, Tunisian, and Turkish)
Languages
Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Berber (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya
Madagascar
Ethnic groups
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran
Languages
Malagasy (official) 99.9%, French (official) 23.6%, English 8.2%, other 0.6% (2018 est.)
note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/madagascar/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar
Malawi
Ethnic groups
Chewa 34.3%, Lomwe 18.8%, Yao 13.2%, Ngoni 10.4%, Tumbuka 9.2%, Sena 3.8%, Mang'anja 3.2%, Tonga 1.8%, Nyanja 1.8%, Nkhonde 1%, other 2.2%, foreign 0.3% (2018 est.)
Languages
English (official), Chewa (common), Lambya, Lomwe, Ngoni, Nkhonde, Nyakyusa, Nyanja, Sena, Tonga, Tumbuka, Yao
note: Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects; Nkhonde and Nyakyusa are mutually intelligible dialects
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi
Mali
Ethnic groups
Bambara 33.3%, Fulani (Peuhl) 13.3%, Sarakole/Soninke/Marka 9.8%, Senufo/Manianka 9.6%, Malinke 8.8%, Dogon 8.7%, Sonrai 5.9%, Bobo 2.1%, Tuareg/Bella 1.7%, other Malian 6%, from members of Economic Community of West Africa 0.4%, other 0.3% (2018 est.)
Languages
French (official), Bambara 46.3%, Peuhl/Foulfoulbe 9.4%, Dogon 7.2%, Maraka/Soninke 6.4%, Malinke 5.6%, Sonrhai/Djerma 5.6%, Minianka 4.3%, Tamacheq 3.5%, Senoufo 2.6%, Bobo 2.1%, other 6.3%, unspecified 0.7% (2009 est.)
note: Mali has 13 national languages in addition to its official language
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali
Mauritania
Ethnic groups
Black Moors (Haratines - Arabic-speaking descendants of African origin who are or were enslaved by White Moors) 40%, White Moors (of Arab-Berber descent, known as Beydane) 30%, Sub-Saharan Mauritanians (non-Arabic speaking, largely resident in or originating from the Senegal River Valley, including Halpulaar, Fulani, Soninke, Wolof, and Bambara ethnic groups) 30%
Languages
Arabic (official and national), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (all national languages), French; note - the spoken Arabic in Mauritania differs considerably from the Modern Standard Arabic used for official written purposes or in the media; the Mauritanian dialect, which incorporates many Berber words, is referred to as Hassaniya
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania
Mauritius
Ethnic groups
Indo-Mauritian (compose approximately two thirds of the total population), Creole, Sino-Mauritian, Franco-Mauritian
note: Mauritius has not had a question on ethnicity on its national census since 1972
Languages
Creole 86.5%, Bhojpuri 5.3%, French 4.1%, two languages 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes English, one of the two official languages of the National Assembly, which is spoken by less than 1% of the population), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius
Morocco
Ethnic groups
Arab-Berber 99%, other 1%
note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara
Languages
Arabic (official), Berber languages (Tamazight (official), Tachelhit, Tarifit), French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy); note - the proportion of Berber speakers is disputed
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco
Mozambique
Ethnic groups
African 99% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and others), Mestizo 0.8%, other (includes European, Indian, Pakistani, Chinese) 0.2% (2017 est.)
Languages
Makhuwa 26.1%, Portuguese (official) 16.6%, Tsonga 8.6%, Nyanja 8.1, Sena 7.1%, Lomwe 7.1%, Chuwabo 4.7%, Ndau 3.8%, Tswa 3.8%, other Mozambican languages 11.8%, other 0.5%, unspecified 1.8% (2017 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique
Namibia
Ethnic groups
Ovambo 50%, Kavangos 9%, Herero 7%, Damara 7%, mixed European and African ancestry 6.5%, European 6%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, San 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
Languages
Oshiwambo languages 49.7%, Nama/Damara 11%, Kavango languages 10.4%, Afrikaans 9.4% (also a common language), Herero languages 9.2%, Zambezi languages 4.9%, English (official) 2.3%, other African languages 1.5%, other European languages 0.7%, other 1% (2016 est.)
note: Namibia has 13 recognized national languages, including 10 indigenous African languages and 3 European languages
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia
Niger
Ethnic groups
Hausa 53.1%, Zarma/Songhai 21.2%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani (Peuhl) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other/unavailable 0.9% (2006 est.)
Languages
French (official), Hausa, Djerma
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger
Nigeria
Ethnic groups
Hausa 30%, Yoruba 15.5%, Igbo (Ibo) 15.2%, Fulani 6%, Tiv 2.4%, Kanuri/Beriberi 2.4%, Ibibio 1.8%, Ijaw/Izon 1.8%, other 24.9% (2018 est.)
note: Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups
Languages
English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani, over 500 additional indigenous languages
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria
Rwanda
Ethnic groups
Hutu, Tutsi, Twa (Pygmy)
Languages
Kinyarwanda (official, universal Bantu vernacular) 93.2%, French (official) <0.1, English (official) <0.1, Swahili/Kiswahili (official, used in commercial centers) <0.1, more than one language, other 6.3%, unspecified 0.3% (2002 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda
Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha
Ethnic groups
African descent 50%, White 25%, Chinese 25%
Languages
English
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha
Sao Tome and Principe
Ethnic groups
Mestico, Angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), Forros (descendants of freed slaves), Servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cabo Verde), Tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese), Asians (mostly Chinese)
Languages
Portuguese 98.4% (official), Forro 36.2%, Cabo Verdian 8.5%, French 6.8%, Angolar 6.6%, English 4.9%, Lunguie 1%, other (including sign language) 2.4%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; other Portuguese-based Creoles are also spoken (2012 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sao-tome-and-principe/#people-and-societ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe
Senegal
Ethnic groups
Wolof 39.7%, Pular 27.5%, Serer 16%, Mandinka 4.9%, Jola 4.2%, Soninke 2.4%, other 5.4% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent) (2019 est.)
Languages
French (official), Wolof, Pular, Jola, Mandinka, Serer, Soninke
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal
Seychalles
Ethnic groups
predominantly Creole (mainly of East African and Malagasy heritage); also French, Indian, Chinese, and Arab populations
Languages
Seychellois Creole (official) 89.1%, English (official) 5.1%, French (official) 0.7%, other 3.8%, unspecified 1.4% (2010 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Ethnic groups
Temne 35.4%, Mende 30.8%, Limba 8.8%, Kono 4.3%, Korankoh 4%, Fullah 3.8%, Mandingo 2.8%, Loko 2%, Sherbro 1.9%, Creole 1.2% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century; also known as Krio), other 5% (2019 est.)
Languages
English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone
Somalia
Ethnic groups
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including 30,000 Arabs)
Languages
Somali (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Arabic (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia
South Africa
Ethnic groups
Black African 80.9%, Colored 8.8%, White 7.8%, Indian/Asian 2.6% (2021 est.)
note: colored is a term used in South Africa, including on the national census, for persons of mixed race ancestry who developed a distinct cultural identity over several hundred years
Languages
isiZulu (official) 25.3%, isiXhosa (official) 14.8%, Afrikaans (official) 12.2%, Sepedi (official) 10.1%, Setswana (official) 9.1%, English (official) 8.1%, Sesotho (official) 7.9%, Xitsonga (official) 3.6%, siSwati (official) 2.8%, Tshivenda (official) 2.5%, isiNdebele (official) 1.6%, other (includes Khoi, Nama, and San languages) 2%; note - data represent language spoken most often at home (2018 est.)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
South Sudan
Ethnic groups
Dinka (Jieng) approximately 35-40%, Nuer (Naath) approximately 15%, Shilluk (Chollo), Azande, Bari, Kakwa, Kuku, Murle, Mandari, Didinga, Ndogo, Bviri, Lndi, Anuak, Bongo, Lango, Dungotona, Acholi, Baka, Fertit (2011 est.)
note: Figures are estimations due to population changes during South Sudan's civil war and the lack of updated demographic studies
Languages
English (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants), ethnic languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, Shilluk
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan
Sudan
Ethnic groups
Sudanese Arab (approximately 70%), Fur, Beja, Nuba, Ingessana, Uduk, Fallata, Masalit, Dajo, Gimir, Tunjur, Berti; there are over 500 ethnic groups
Languages
Arabic (official), English (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Fur
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan
Tanzania
Ethnic groups
mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African
Languages
Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages; note - Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources including Arabic and English; it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania
Togo
Ethnic groups
Adja-Ewe/Mina 42.4%, Kabye/Tem 25.9%, Para-Gourma/Akan 17.1%, Akposso/Akebu 4.1%, Ana-Ife 3.2%, other Togolese 1.7%, foreigners 5.2%, no response 0.4% (2013-14 est.)
note: Togo has an estimated 37 ethnic groups
Languages
French (official, the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo
Tunisia
Ethnic groups
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Languages
Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight); note - despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia
Uganda
Ethnic groups
Baganda 16.5%, Banyankole 9.6%, Basoga 8.8%, Bakiga 7.1%, Iteso 7%, Langi 6.3%, Bagisu 4.9%, Acholi 4.4%, Lugbara 3.3%, other 32.1% (2014 est.)
Languages
English (official language, taught in schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages and the language used most often in the capital), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili (official), Arabic
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda
Zambia
Ethnic groups
Bemba 21%, Tonga 13.6%, Chewa 7.4%, Lozi 5.7%, Nsenga 5.3%, Tumbuka 4.4%, Ngoni 4%, Lala 3.1%, Kaonde 2.9%, Namwanga 2.8%, Lunda (north Western) 2.6%, Mambwe 2.5%, Luvale 2.2%, Lamba 2.1%, Ushi 1.9%, Lenje 1.6%, Bisa 1.6%, Mbunda 1.2%, other 13.8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)
Languages
Bemba 33.4%, Nyanja 14.7%, Tonga 11.4%, Lozi 5.5%, Chewa 4.5%, Nsenga 2.9%, Tumbuka 2.5%, Lunda (North Western) 1.9%, Kaonde 1.8%, Lala 1.8%, Lamba 1.8%, English (official) 1.7%, Luvale 1.5%, Mambwe 1.3%, Namwanga 1.2%, Lenje 1.1%, Bisa 1%, other 9.7%, unspecified 0.2% (2010 est.)
note: Zambia is said to have over 70 languages, although many of these may be considered dialects; all of Zambia's major languages are members of the Bantu family; Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia
Zimbabwe
Ethnic groups
African 99.4% (predominantly Shona; Ndebele is the second largest ethnic group), other 0.4%, unspecified 0.2% (2012 est.)
Languages
Shona (official; most widely spoken), Ndebele (official, second most widely spoken), English (official; traditionally used for official business), 13 minority languages (official; includes Chewa, Chibarwe, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Shangani, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa)
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/#people-and-society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe
Decoloniality and Genetic Ancestry: Situating the "African Genome"
webinar
https://elsihub.org/video/decoloniality-and-genetic-ancestry-situating-african-genome
Africans are NOT "Black." The Many Races of Africa
Across the Atlantic and Back: African Human Genomics Comes Full Circle
African Genome Variation Project
https://www.sanger.ac.uk/collaboration/african-genome-variation-project/
How the origin of the KhoiSan tells us that ‘race’ has no place in human ancestry
Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142112/
Ancient genome from Africa sequenced for the first time
https://phys.org/news/2015-10-ancient-genome-africa-sequenced.html
Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aad2879
New study identifies Neanderthal ancestry in African populations and describes its origin
Sequencing of African populations aims to make genomics more representative
Genetic Variation and Adaptation in Africa: Implications for Human Evolution and Disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4067985/
Major new study unveils complexity and vast diversity of Africa’s genetic variation
Whole-genome sequence analysis of a Pan African set of samples reveals archaic gene flow from an extinct basal population of modern humans into sub-Saharan populations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6485163/
High-depth African genomes inform human migration and health
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7759466/
Genetic differentiation in East African ethnicities and its relationship with endurance running success
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9119534/
Dense sampling of ethnic groups within African countries reveals fine-scale genetic structure and extensive historical admixture
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq2616
Larger Genetic Differences Within Africans Than Between Africans and Eurasians
https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/161/1/269/6049925
Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04430-9
Ancient DNA illuminates how humans travelled and interacted in Stone Age Africa
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00479-8
Africa’s people must be able to write their own genomics agenda
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03028-3
How unlocking the secrets of African DNA could change the world
https://www.ft.com/content/eed0555c-5e2b-11ea-b0ab-339c2307bcd4
African genetic diversity provides novel insights into evolutionary history and local adaptations
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6061870/
Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05754-w
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN POPULATIONS: HUMAN EVOLUTION AND COMPLEX DISEASE
https://www.uvm.edu/~rsingle/stat395/S04/papers/Tishkoff+Williams-NatRevGenetics-02.pdf
Expansive genetic diversity in Africa revealed
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/expansive-genetic-diversity-africa-revealed
Important gene variants found in certain African populations
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191031112533.htm
The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans
The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world
Sequence three million genomes across Africa
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00313-7
Dense sampling of ethnic groups within African countries reveals fine-scale genetic structure and extensive historical admixture
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq2616
African genetic diversity provides novel insights into evolutionary history and local adaptations
https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/27/R2/R209/4993963
Landmark Study Looks at Genetics of Africans, African Americans
AFRICAN GENETIC DIVERSITY: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953791/
Ancient African empires’ impact on migration revealed by genetics
https://www.newswise.com/articles/ancient-african-empires-impact-on-migration-revealed-by-genetics
Larger Genetic Differences Within Africans Than Between Africans and Eurasians
https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/161/1/269/6049925
Africans have world's greatest genetic variation
Africans have more genetic variation than anyone else on Earth, according to a new study that helps narrow the location where humans first evolved, probably near the South Africa-Namibia border.
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30502963
Genetics and the African Past
African evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous African populations
https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2
Evaluating the promise of inclusion of African ancestry populations in genomics
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41525-019-0111-x
The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep09996
Major new study unveils complexity and vast diversity of Africa’s genetic variation
More than three million new genetic variants discovered, details of migration and expansion of groups across the continent found
Ancient Admixture into Africa from the ancestors of non-Africans
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127555v1.full.pdf
Closing the Gaps in Genomic Research
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1511651/FULLTEXT01.pdf
African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164258
Gene sequencing reveals the evolution of African populations
https://www.fudan.edu.cn/en/2023/0304/c344a134040/page.htm
African Genomics Tells Us About Deep Structure And History
The long walk to African genomics
https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-019-1740-1
Genomic study of indigenous Africans paints complex picture of human origins and local adaptation
Genome Data from Africa Reveal Millions of New Variants
https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2020/11/10/genome-data-from-africa-reveals-millions-of-new-variants/
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